| Analysis of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless | | | | radio frequency transmission where everyone can |
| Networks | | | | receive the broadcast message. Protocols have |
| Shahid Shehzad Bajwa | | | | been proven to be inadequate to today’s |
| Pakistan Air Force-Karachi Institute of Economics | | | | security. In proposed protocols, Random |
| and Abstract | | | | walk-based On-demand routing protocol handles |
| This paper investigates into the routing protocols | | | | the issues of distributed authentication. |
| in ad hoc wireless networks. Performance, | | | | To provide and maintain a high performance, |
| quality-of-service, security, and power | | | | different architecture and protocols have been |
| management failure cause the packet losses, | | | | implemented. The proposed architecture of |
| delay variation and illegal authorization in ad hoc | | | | swarm intelligent multi-path routing protocol |
| wireless networks. To handle these issues, | | | | reduces congestion and increases performance by |
| different protocols have been proposed such as: | | | | taking action against packet loss, transmission |
| battery-aware routing protocol, cooperative | | | | delay, delay variation, and different intrusions [11]. |
| anomaly detection protocols, and a list of available | | | | Best route discovery and data transmission can |
| protocol proficient to detect and trim down | | | | be achieved with COMMIT protocol, which is |
| congestions. | | | | based on the Visualization tool for Compiler Graph |
| Key words: routing protocols, security, power | | | | (VCG) and can, read a textual and readable |
| management, QoS | | | | specification of a graph and visualize the graph. It |
| Introduction | | | | is the best protocol for the rout discovery. Other |
| Ad hoc wireless network is very sensitive | | | | protocols, namely Periodic Hello Protocol (PHP), |
| network as it has no fixed infrastructure; there | | | | Adaptive Hello Protocol (AHP) and Reactive |
| fore vulnerable possessions routing protocols must | | | | Protocol (RP) reduce congestion in network to |
| be evaluated escalating the number of nodes in | | | | increase performance in ad hoc wireless network. |
| network. Nodes are free to move independently | | | | Each node in wireless network participates in two |
| and this movement should be settled down | | | | kinds of activities, sending and receiving messages. |
| quickly. Routing is the processes of moving | | | | Especially, hello messages consumes large amount |
| information in the form of packets across a | | | | of power. Requests can be set on priorities by |
| network from a node-to-node. Routing protocols | | | | using Prioritized Battery Aware routing protocol, |
| use metrics to evaluate the best promising path | | | | allowing some routing connections having high |
| for the packet to reach on destination. Routers | | | | priority and assigning power according to their |
| are the devices that route the packet on the | | | | rations. Another max-min routing protocol also |
| network. They also maintain route information | | | | performs same functions by reducing the |
| that helps in influencing the best path to various | | | | irregularity of message sequence. It uses the |
| destinations. They are responsible to change | | | | distributed sensors to monitors large geographical |
| information and to find a feasible path to | | | | areas as grid of computation. The most |
| destination with the help of hop length, power | | | | commonly used batteries in wireless devices are |
| required (minimum or maximum), life time of | | | | nickel-cadmium and lithium-ion batteries, which are |
| wireless link, and utilize bandwidth type of | | | | widely used in laptops, cellular phones, PDAs, |
| information. Routing protocols must be durable to | | | | tablet PCs and other portable computing and |
| terrorization and vulnerabilities such as; resource | | | | communication devices. In the figure a complete |
| consumption, denial-of-service, delay, packet | | | | processes of battery usage have been illustrated |
| delivery ratio and similar attacks possible against | | | | [16]. In figure (a) battery is showing a full charged |
| an ad hoc wireless network. Performance, | | | | state as well as the load increasing or node |
| security, quality-of-service, power management, | | | | moving from source to destination battery |
| reliability, and scalability are the major areas to | | | | starting to discharge (b).Battery voltage drops, it |
| provide good service. This paper discusses to | | | | starts recovery (c). After recovering it gets |
| widen curiosity in getting new concepts of routing | | | | stable again (d). In final session (e), (f) stage of |
| protocols in ad hoc wireless networks. It is | | | | battery dies with discharging loss and battery dies |
| categorized in four classes with issues and their | | | | without discharging loss are shown. Other routing |
| approaches: performance and methodologies, | | | | protocols such as: energy aware, ad hoc |
| security and quality-of-service, and power | | | | On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Directional |
| management. | | | | Local Recovery (DLR), and Dynamic Power |
| Issues and Problems | | | | Management (DPM) are also able to diminish |
| Routing protocol should be able to provide a | | | | power consumption. |
| certain level of quality-of-service in ad hoc | | | | Future work |
| wireless network as demanded by the nodes | | | | As a future work security related factors and |
| such as the parameters of quality-of-service can | | | | fragile scenarios will be considered and tested on |
| be throughput, packet delivery ratio, jitter, and | | | | the subject of the system effectiveness. A |
| supporting differentiated class of service. Node | | | | resource-efficient detection model will be |
| mobility, multicasting consumes high energy [1, 2]; | | | | investigated to improve performance in ad hoc |
| large synchronization and multi-path forwarding | | | | wireless network. |
| increases the probability of duplication of | | | | Conclusion |
| messages [5] at large-scale replication. | | | | In ad hoc wireless networks, quality of service, |
| Resource consumption, denial-of-service, | | | | security, performance and power management |
| information discloser, buffer overflow, | | | | are achieved by routing protocols. Actually, it is |
| interference and lake of central co-ordination | | | | very sensitive service. That’s way it is |
| make wireless network more vulnerable. Due to | | | | difficult to maintain routing protocols. Outlay of |
| no central infrastructure, attackers attempt to | | | | data is more then a billons there fore, it need |
| break security and get authentication | | | | more sanctuary and solitude. Security attacks |
| authorization. Security can be weakened from | | | | form intruders who try to attempt authentication, |
| lopsided target detection. Irregularity and | | | | authorization, and damage the data which leads to |
| non-secure protocols that based on On-demand | | | | poor quality of service, pitiable performance, and |
| Distance vector over IP V6 in wireless network | | | | extra utilization of power management. Routing |
| cause the overcrowding and increase malicious | | | | protocols provides best solutions by using efficient |
| nodes, attackers achieve their target. | | | | routing mechanism. |
| Real time applications require a high energy to | | | | References |
| maintain performance where source and | | | | |
| destination keep changing at every time. Major | | | | 1. 2. Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Ad-Hoc |
| issues are power management, packet losses, | | | | Networks |
| security attacks and similarities in applications that | | | | Found in: Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a |
| decrease the performance. By the interruption of | | | | World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks |
| some selfish nodes, the establishment of a routing | | | | (WoWMoM'05), By Panagiotis C. Kokkinos, Christos |
| process to sends packets from source to | | | | A. Papageorgiou , Emmanouel A. Varvarigos. Issue |
| destination, and during communication in ad hoc | | | | Date: June 2005, pp. 306-311 |
| wireless network multicasting of addresses | | | | 2. 11. A swarm intelligent multi-path routing for |
| decreases total packet delivery. | | | | multimedia traffic over mobile ad hoc networks |
| Power management can be controlled significantly | | | | Found in: Proceedings of the 1st ACM international |
| by utilizing the intelligent devices. Management | | | | workshop on Quality of service & security in |
| designed routing protocol should be | | | | wireless and mobile networks (Q2SWinet '05), By |
| energy-efficient having good comprehension of | | | | Saida Ziane , Abdelhamid Melouk, Issue Date: |
| network topologies. Some or all of the mobile | | | | October 2005, pp. 620-626 |
| nodes operate on batteries, for transmission | | | | 3. 12. COMMIT: A Sender-Centric Truthful and |
| communication applications need high energy [16]. | | | | Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc |
| Irregularity of message sequence of high density, | | | | Networks with Selfish Nodes Found in: 19th IEEE |
| like “hello packets”, consumes high energy | | | | International Parallel and Distributed Processing |
| due to short life of nodes. Forwarding of query | | | | Symposium (IPDPS'05) - Workshop 12, By |
| based message end-to-end delay also consumes | | | | Stephan Eidenbenz , Giovanni Resta , Paolo Santi |
| high energy in ad hoc wireless networks. | | | | Issue Date: April 2005, pp. 239b |
| Approaches and Methodologies | | | | 4. A QoS Multicast Routing Protocol for Mobile |
| Different routing protocols are active in wireless | | | | Ad-Hoc Networks |
| network pasture with intelligence properties. | | | | Found in: International Conference on Information |
| These abilities make network protected against | | | | Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'05) - |
| attackers. As discussed above each application | | | | Volume II, By Li Layuan , Li Chunlin, Issue Date: |
| has different requirements to negotiate between | | | | April 2005, pp. 609-614 |
| host and network. It’s important to maintain | | | | 5. Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile and |
| quality-of-service on a per node level, per link, per | | | | Wireless Ad hoc Networks |
| flow of data in network, thus it is essential to | | | | Found in: 28th Annual IEEE International |
| have better coordination between source and | | | | Conference on Local Computer Networks |
| destination to achieve quality-of-service. A Local | | | | (LCN'03), By Azzedine Boukerche, Harold Owens |
| Broad Clustering (LBC) and Call Hash Table routing | | | | II, Issue Date: October 2003 pp. 768 |
| protocol reduce the high-energy consumption | | | | 6. 19. Power Management in Wireless Ad Hoc |
| from nodes and increase the communication | | | | Networks Using AODV |
| range of nodes, also enhance the network life [4]. | | | | Found in: Sixth International Conference on |
| In other routing protocols, Multi-cost, Multiple | | | | Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, |
| description mechanism, Quality-of-service aware | | | | Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing and |
| and Quality-of-service framework is active to | | | | First ACIS International Workshop on |
| achieve quality-of-service in ad hoc wireless | | | | Self-Assembling Wireless Networks (SNPD |
| networks. | | | | SAWN'05), By Liang Cheng , Anu G. Bourgeois , |
| Wireless network has been continued source of | | | | Bo Hyun Yu, Issue Date: May 2005, pp. |
| security breaches/flaws due to the nature of | | | | |