| MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS | | | | UMTS application-programming interface (API). |
| | | | API allows for abstraction of both the |
| Mobile communication is the application of | | | | terminal and the network. It will also |
| wireless technology in the access network. It | | | | provide a generic way for applications to |
| offers many useful features, | | | | access terminals and networks. The API will |
| | | | allow the same application to be used on a |
| • Easy installation for rapid roll out | | | | wide variety of terminals and will also |
| | | | provide a common method of interfacing |
| • Proven platform with scalability | | | | applications to UMTS networks. The API will |
| | | | support security, billing, subscriber |
| • Future proof | | | | information, service management, call |
| | | | management, SIM management user interaction |
| • Reliable and secure | | | | and content translation. It is expected that |
| | | | the API will build upon and extend today's |
| • Mobility | | | | technologies (i.e. Java, Wireless Application |
| | | | Protocol (WAP), GSM SIM Toolkit and Internet |
| It is a very rapidly growing and popular | | | | technologies) that exploit convergence with |
| service which was revolutionised | | | | other emerging technologies for consumer |
| telecommunications. It has become a backbone | | | | products (such as digital televisions). |
| for business success and efficiency. It | | | | |
| connects subscribers to the public switched | | | | 8)Client server architecture:- |
| telephone network(PSTN) using radio signals | | | | |
| as a substitute for copper.it allows any body | | | | One of the primary drivers for UMTS is |
| to communicate with any one while on the | | | | service differentiation. UMTS allows network |
| move. | | | | operators to market products based on more |
| | | | than just coverage andcapacity issues. The |
| Different technologies emerged for different | | | | key to this benefit is the ability to develop |
| types of requirements-coverage, capacity, | | | | and offer new products and features in short |
| mobility, bandwidth. | | | | timescales, without requiring modifications |
| | | | from infrastructure suppliers.figure shows |
| GSM | | | | client server architecture of UMTS. |
| | | | |
| CDMA | | | | Many new developments in the IT industry are |
| | | | based on a client/server technology, which |
| CORDECT | | | | allows intelligence to be downloaded |
| | | | transparently from a server into the user's |
| PHS | | | | terminal. The technology provides direct and |
| | | | immediate high performance user interaction |
| AMPS,DAMPS | | | | and interpretation. On the other hand, tasks |
| | | | that must remain centralized, such as |
| EVOLUTIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS:- | | | | database residence, are held on central |
| | | | servers waiting to rapidly and efficiently |
| FIRST GENERATION(1G):ANALOG CELLULAR:- | | | | respond to queries from the clients. |
| | | | However, in the mobile industry, intelligent |
| The introduction to cellular systems in the | | | | terminals and USIM card will allow |
| late 1970s and early 1980s represented a | | | | personalization of the user interface and |
| quantum leap in mobile | | | | provision of features not possible with basic |
| communication(especially in capacity and | | | | terminals in today's client/server networks. |
| mobility). Semiconductor technology and | | | | As roaming traffic continues to increase, the |
| microprocessors made smaller and lighter | | | | ability to provide such features |
| weight , and more sophisticated mobile | | | | independently of the serving network will |
| systems a practical reality for many more | | | | become increasingly important. Existing and |
| users. These 1G cellular systems still | | | | evolving GSM standards, such as SIM Toolkit |
| transmit only analog voice information. The | | | | and Mobile Execution Environment, together |
| most prominent 1G systems are ANALOG MOBILE | | | | with other initiatives such as WAP, provide |
| PHONE SYSTEM(AMPS), NORDIC MOBILE | | | | the framework for delivering this enhanced |
| TELEPHONE(NMT) and TOTAL ACCESS COMMUNICATION | | | | client/server approach. The user of an |
| SYSTEMS(TACS). With the 1G mobile | | | | object-oriented language such as Java is |
| introduction, the mobile market showed annual | | | | attractive because it is platform and |
| growth rates of 30 to 50 percent, rising to | | | | operating system independent, and optimizes |
| nearly 20 million subscribers by 1990. | | | | the download . |
| | | | |
| SECOND GENERATION(2G):MOBILE DIGITAL | | | | 9)Customer Care and Billing Systems:- |
| SYSTEMS:- | | | | |
| | | | UMTS will operate in a very different |
| The development of 2G cellular systems was | | | | environment than today's mobile systems. |
| driven by the need to improve transmission | | | | Customer care and billing are inextricably |
| quality, system capacity and coverage. | | | | linked. These systems must be able to |
| Further advances in semiconductor technology | | | | effectively operate with all UMTS users and |
| and microwave devices brought digital | | | | providers in a customer-friendly manner. For |
| transmission to mobile communications.sppech | | | | UMTS, a bill will no longer be just a dun |
| transmission still dominates the airways,but | | | | but, instead, a key part of a highly |
| the demands for fax,short message and data | | | | sophisticated approach to customer care |
| transmissions are growing rapidly. | | | | across all provider services. Convergence |
| Supplementary services such as fraud | | | | will not only require the interoperation of |
| prevention and encrypting of user data have | | | | fixed, mobile, satellite, private and public |
| become standard features that are compatible | | | | systems but also the integration of players |
| to those in fixed networks. 2G cellular | | | | from non-telecommunications fields such as |
| systems include GSM, DIGITAL | | | | finance, entertainment, and the news media. |
| AMPS(D-AMPS),CDMA and PERSONAL DIGITAL | | | | This will require a harmonized solution to |
| COMMUNICATION. Today multiple 1G and 2G | | | | customer care and billing systems despite |
| standards are used in world wide mobile | | | | very different legacy practices. |
| communications. Different standards serve | | | | |
| different applications with different levels | | | | The competitive services market will demand |
| of mobility, capability and service area | | | | multiple flexible interconnections between |
| standards are used only in one country or | | | | players and roles. Seamless delivery will |
| region and most are in compatible. | | | | require a unification of management and a |
| | | | means to provide interworking without a prior |
| 2G TO 3G GSM: EVOLUTION:- | | | | relationship. Significantly higher levels of |
| | | | automation and timeliness will be required to |
| Phase 1 of the standardization of GSM 900mhz | | | | support the billing and customer care |
| band was completed by the EUROPEAN | | | | operations. In addition, fraud management |
| TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARD INSTITUTE (ETSI) | | | | will need to be applied across the whole |
| in 1990 and included all necessary | | | | value chain. Charging and billing will need |
| definitions for the GSM network operations. | | | | to mature as concepts and practices. |
| Several tele services and bearer services | | | | |
| have been defined (including data | | | | BENEFITS OF UMTS: what it offers?:- |
| transmission upto 9.6kbps), but only some | | | | |
| very basic supplementary services offered. As | | | | Corporate use of UMTS (including global |
| a result, GSM standards were enhanced in | | | | mobile access to Intranets) will be a key |
| phase 2 (1995) to incorporate a large variety | | | | driver for UMTS. Businesses will demand |
| of supplementary services that were | | | | greater flexibility for customization and |
| compatible to digital fixed network | | | | more devolved service control to optimize |
| integrated services digital network(ISDN) | | | | productivity and operational efficiencies |
| standards. In 1996, ETSI decided to further | | | | within corporate networks. UMTS subscriber |
| enhance gsm in annual phase 2 + releases that | | | | and network management capabilities will |
| incorporate 3G capabilities. | | | | offer enhanced capabilities to meet these new |
| | | | and evolving requirements . |
| LIMITATIONS IN 1G AND 2G SYSTEMS:- | | | | |
| | | | The body of literature on UMTS indicates that |
| • No global standards | | | | it offers the promise of being a significant |
| | | | advancement in mobile communications |
| • No common frequency band | | | | technology. UMTS is being designed to ensure |
| | | | flexibility is presented to users, network |
| • Low information bit rates | | | | operators and service developers. UMTS will |
| | | | offer significant benefits in communication |
| • Low voice quality | | | | abilities including: |
| | | | |
| • No support of video | | | | • Ease of use and low cost; |
| | | | |
| • Various categories of systems to meet | | | | • New and better services; |
| specific requirementsfigure shows the | | | | |
| architecture of GSM. | | | | • Packet transmission and data rates on |
| | | | demand; and |
| INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS | | | | |
| 2000:- | | | | • Improved mobility and coverage. |
| | | | |
| IMT:-A future standard in which a single | | | | 1)Ease of use and low costs:- Wireless |
| inexpensive mobile terminal can truly provide | | | | customers want useful services, easy-to-use |
| communications any time and any where. The | | | | terminals and good value for money, UMTS is |
| main characteristics of 3G systems, known | | | | envisioned to offer services that are easy to |
| collectively as IMT-2000 are a single family | | | | use and customizable in order to address |
| of compatible standards that have following | | | | individual user needs and preferences. |
| characteristics | | | | Terminals and other customized equipment will |
| | | | be available to allow easy access to these |
| • Used world wide | | | | services. A wide array of inexpensive, |
| | | | available terminals and other periphery will |
| • Used for all mobile applications | | | | be available. Costs for the actual UMTS |
| | | | service are projected to be low enough to |
| • Support both packet witched(PS) and | | | | ensure a mass market and provider |
| circuit switched(CS) data transmission | | | | competition. |
| | | | |
| • Offer high data transfer rates 2MBPS. | | | | 2)New and better services:- Market studies |
| | | | show that voice will remain the dominant |
| • Offer high spectrum efficiency | | | | service for existing fixed and mobile |
| | | | telephone networks, including GSM, through |
| IMT standards has made 17 proposals to meet | | | | 2005. Users will demand low-cost, |
| the requirements of 2G systems.The most | | | | high-quality voice service from UMTS. |
| important IMT-2000 proposals are the UMTS | | | | However, the opportunity for increased |
| (W-CDMA) as the successor to GSM,CDMA as the | | | | revenues through UMTS comes from offering |
| interim standard 95(IS 95) successor and time | | | | advanced data and information services. Long |
| division synchronous(TD-SCDMA), UNIVERSAL | | | | term, industry forecasts for UMTS show a |
| WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS-136(UWC 136/EDGE) as | | | | strongly growing multimedia subscriber base |
| TDMA based enhancements to DAMPS/GSM all of | | | | by the year 2010. |
| which are leading previous standards toward | | | | |
| theultimate goal of IMT 2000. The goals of | | | | 3)Fast access:- One factor, which clearly |
| the services to be provided in 3G systems by | | | | sets UMTS above the second-generation mobile |
| IMT 200 is shown in figure The Global System | | | | systems, is its potential to support 2Mb/s |
| for Mobile Communications (GSM) is now the | | | | data rates for users from the outset. This |
| world's most successful wireless standard. | | | | capability, together with inherent Internet |
| Recent figures indicate that GSM has more | | | | Protocol (IP) support of UMTS, is a powerful |
| than 100 million subscribers in 120 countries | | | | combination to deliver interactive multimedia |
| and attracts more than five million new users | | | | services as well as other new wideband |
| every month. There are nearly 300 GSM system | | | | applications such as video telephony and |
| operators worldwide. Current wireless or | | | | video conferencing. |
| mobile systems, despite their evolution, are | | | | |
| still constrained in terms of the data rate | | | | As the demand for user data rates increases |
| they can offer and their flexibility to | | | | in the long term, UMTS will be developed to |
| manipulate complex, yet user-friendly | | | | support even higher data rates, perhaps one |
| multimedia services. This need presents the | | | | or two orders of magnitude greater. In later |
| opportunity to the mobile radio, IT, and | | | | phases of UMTS development, there will be a |
| consumer electronics communities to offer | | | | convergence with even higher data rate |
| users a mobile system capable of managing and | | | | systems using mobile wireless Local Area |
| delivering a much wider range of information | | | | Network (LAN) technologies (microwave or |
| services to the mass market. Elements of this | | | | infrared) providing data rates of for example |
| opportunity include: | | | | 155 Mb/s in indoor environments . |
| | | | |
| • An industry-wide and government | | | | 4)Packet transmission and data rate on |
| commitment across the world; | | | | demand.:-Most cellular systems in use today |
| | | | use circuit-switched technology for wireless |
| • A coordinated program including | | | | data transmission. However, UMTS integrates |
| spectrum, standards, and technology; and | | | | packet and circuit data transmission. Packet |
| | | | data over the airwaves provides the user |
| • Synergy of communications, IT, and | | | | several benefits: |
| media workings to bring about global | | | | |
| opportunities for businesses and consumers, | | | | • Virtual connectivity to the network |
| while creating new ways of doing business, | | | | at all times; |
| entertaining and informing. | | | | |
| | | | • Alternative ways of billing. For |
| A new mobile system for worldwide use is now | | | | example, pay-per-bit, per session or flat |
| being developed to enhance and supersede | | | | rate per month; and |
| current systems. The Universal Mobile | | | | |
| Telecommunications System (UMTS) will be an | | | | • Asymmetric bandwidth in the uplink |
| enhanced digital communications system that | | | | and downlink. As demanded by many emerging |
| will provide universal communications to | | | | data services where one link direction |
| anyone, regardless of their whereabouts. UMTS | | | | carries simple commands and the other carries |
| will allow for wireless Internet access, | | | | and content rich, bandwidth intensive traffic |
| video-conferencing, and other bandwidth | | | | (for example Web browsing or video |
| intensive applications. Benefits from this | | | | transmission). |
| new system of wireless communications are | | | | |
| expected to be: | | | | UMTS is also being designed to offer data |
| | | | rate on demand, where the network reacts |
| • Support to existing mobile services | | | | flexibly to a user's demands based upon his |
| and fixed telecommunications services up to | | | | or her profile and the current status of the |
| 2Mb/s; | | | | network. The use of packet-oriented transport |
| | | | protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) for |
| • Support to unique mobile services | | | | UMTS is being studied now. The combination |
| such as navigation, vehicle location, and | | | | of packet data and data rate on demand will |
| road traffic information services, which will | | | | remove technical barriers for the user and |
| become increasingly important in world | | | | make operation of the system much cheaper. |
| market; | | | | Simply put, there should be no worries about |
| | | | how and when to connect to the network. |
| • The ability to enable the use of the | | | | |
| system terminal from multiple environments - | | | | UMTS services are based on standardized |
| in the home, the office, and in the public | | | | service capabilities, which are common |
| environments -in both rural areas and city | | | | throughout all UMTS user and radio |
| centers; and | | | | environments. This means that a user will |
| | | | experience a consistent set of services even |
| • Provision of a range of mobile | | | | when he or she roams from his or her home |
| terminals - from a low cost pocket telephone | | | | network to other UMTS operators. Users will |
| to sophisticated terminals to provide | | | | find the same interface, whether they are in |
| advanced video and data services . | | | | their home network or roaming. The Virtual |
| | | | Home Environment (VHE) will ensure the |
| UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION | | | | delivery of the service provider's total |
| SYSTEMS(UMTS):- | | | | environment, including for example, a |
| | | | corporate user's virtual work environment, |
| INTRODUCTION:- | | | | independent of the user's location or mode of |
| | | | access (satellite or terrestrial). |
| In January1998, the European | | | | |
| Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) | | | | VHE will also enable terminals to negotiate |
| decided on a single air interface standard | | | | functionality with the visited network, |
| for the proposed Universal Mobile | | | | possibly even downloading software so that it |
| Telecommunications System (UMTS). The system | | | | will provide "home- like" service. The |
| is one of the major new third-generation | | | | ultimate goal is that all networks, |
| mobile systems being developed within the | | | | signaling, connection, registration and any |
| framework that has been defined by the | | | | other technology should be transparent to the |
| International Telecommunications Union (ITU) | | | | user so that mobile multimedia services are |
| and is known as IMT-2000. UMTS has been the | | | | simple, user friendly and effective. |
| subject of intense worldwide efforts on | | | | |
| research and development throughout the past | | | | Mobility and Coverage:- UMTS has been |
| decade. The system has the support of many | | | | designed from the outset to be a global |
| major telecommunications operators and | | | | system, comprising both national terrestrial |
| manufacturers because it represents a unique | | | | and global satellite components. Through |
| opportunity to create a mass market for | | | | multi-mode, multi-band terminals it can use |
| highly personalized and user-friendly mobile | | | | 2nd generation systems to extend its coverage |
| access to today's information society. The | | | | for basic services. The overall goal of the |
| system seeks to build on and extend the | | | | system offering is to achieve truly personal |
| capability of today's mobile, cordless, and | | | | communications using terminals that are able |
| satellite technologies by providing increased | | | | to roam from a private cordless or fixed |
| capacity and data capability as well as a far | | | | network (Figure 1). A second goal is to |
| greater range of services using an innovative | | | | achieve this with a consistent delivery of |
| radio access scheme and an enhanced, evolving | | | | the services via VHE. |
| core network.The system will be a member of a | | | | |
| new family of mobile telecommunications | | | | Figure 1. UMTS Coverage is Universal (Leino, |
| systems being developed by the ITU for | | | | 1999). |
| deployment across the world. While using | | | | |
| different radio frequencies in different | | | | The UMTS radio access system UTRA will |
| countries, every system will offer the same | | | | support operation with high spectral |
| set of features to users. This will allow | | | | efficiency and service quality in all the |
| handsets to be developed that can be carried | | | | physical environments in which wireless and |
| from country to country as the user travels. | | | | mobile communication take place. Today's |
| | | | users live in a multi-dimensional world, |
| The key difference between this system and | | | | moving between indoor, outdoor urban and |
| previous mobile (wireless) systems, such as | | | | outdoor rural environments with a degree of |
| GSM, is that the earlier systems were | | | | mobility ranging from stationary through |
| conceptually separate from the fixed (wire | | | | pedestrian up to very high vehicular speeds. |
| line) telephone network. The goal of this | | | | There are also different user density |
| system is to integrate wire line and wireless | | | | environments, including three-dimensional |
| systems to provide a universal communications | | | | situations in high-rise buildings. UTRA has |
| service, such that a user can move from place | | | | been specified for all these environments. |
| to place while maintaining access to the sum | | | | |
| set of services . | | | | Limitations of UMTS:- |
| | | | |
| The system is intended to allow users to send | | | | In practical implementations of UMTS, some |
| and receive data at much higher bandwidths | | | | users may be unable to access the highest |
| than supported by today's GSM system. While | | | | data rates at all times. For example, the |
| on the move, users will be able to access | | | | physical constraints of radio propagation and |
| remote systems at up to 144Kbps. When | | | | the economics of operating a network |
| stationary, connections of up to 2Mbp/s will | | | | will mean that the system services |
| be supported through wireless access to | | | | might only support lower data rates in remote |
| networks, with much higher performance being | | | | or heavily congested areas. Therefore, in |
| possible by plugging the handset into a | | | | order to ensure that the subscriber is always |
| network socket . | | | | able to use their terminal, services will be |
| | | | adaptive to different data rate availability |
| ETSI has chosen aggressive timescales for the | | | | and other Quality of Service parameters. |
| introduction of UMTS in order to meet the | | | | |
| demands of customers. The target date for its | | | | In the early stages of UMTS deployment, |
| introduction has been set as the year 2002. | | | | traffic will probably be generated |
| figure shows the architecture of UMTS. | | | | predominantly in locations such as airports |
| | | | and railway stations which operators will |
| To meet the deadline, the ETSI is following a | | | | cover immediately following network launch. |
| phased approach in hopes of allowing | | | | However, users will want full coverage so |
| capabilities to improve over time following | | | | that they can access their services wherever |
| the initial system introduction. At launch, | | | | they are . To offer this, UMTS technology is |
| terrestrial UMTS will have the capability for | | | | being defined to enable roaming with other |
| data rates up to 2Mb/s. However, UMTS is | | | | networks. For example a GSM system operated |
| designed as an open system that should allow | | | | by the same operator or alternatively by |
| for evolution to incorporate new technologies | | | | roaming agreements with other networks such |
| as they become standardized. | | | | as other GSM based systems or other third |
| | | | generation systems including UMTS compatible |
| UMTS CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES:- Some of the | | | | satellite networks, which will effectively be |
| critical technologies essential for the | | | | able to offer global coverage. |
| successful introduction of UMTS are described | | | | |
| below: | | | | The limitations are, |
| | | | |
| 1)UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA):- | | | | 1)Risk of further regulation:- There is a |
| | | | certain anxiety that an attempt to achieve |
| The ETSI decision in January 1998 on the | | | | circulation by means of administrative |
| radio access technique for UMTS combined two | | | | measures may lead to heavier regulation of |
| technologies. The W-CDMA for paired-spectrum | | | | UMTS (e.g. in the form of complicated |
| bands and TD-CDMA for unpaired band². The | | | | procedures or excessive marking). Therefore, |
| idea was to develop a common standard to | | | | current efforts are intended to take care to |
| ensure an optimum solution for all the | | | | aim to simplify regulation in all circulation |
| different operating environments and service | | | | measures. |
| needs . | | | | |
| | | | 2)Standardization:- Standardization will |
| The transmission rate capability of UTRA will | | | | remain a key factor in providing quality |
| provide at least 144 Kbit/s for full mobility | | | | services at an affordable cost and enabling |
| applications in all environments, 384 Kb/s | | | | roaming between systems. The success of UMTS |
| for limited mobility applications in the | | | | depends upon the flexibility of interfaces |
| macro- and micro-cellular environments, and | | | | and the capacity to evolve in parallel with |
| 2.048 Mb/s for low mobility applications | | | | technological development. Continued close |
| particularly in micro-cellular environments. | | | | co-operation between operators, manufacturers |
| The 2.048 Mb/s rate may also be available for | | | | and regulators in the standardization of UMTS |
| short range or packet applications in the | | | | IMT 2000 is crucial for successful |
| macro-cellular environment, depending on | | | | harmonization of standardization proposals. |
| deployment strategies, radio network | | | | |
| planning, and spectrum availability. | | | | UMTS in the Long Term:- |
| | | | |
| 2)Multi-mode Second Generation/UMTS | | | | In order to ensure that UMTS flourishes in |
| Terminals:- | | | | the long term, its capabilities must be |
| | | | progressively increased by the addition of |
| UMTS terminals will exist in a world of | | | | new technologies. These technologies are |
| multiple standards that will enable operators | | | | discussed below. |
| to offer maximum capacity and coverage to | | | | |
| their user base by combining UTRA with | | | | 1)Re-configurable Terminals:- UMTS terminals |
| second- or third-generation standards. | | | | will have to exist in a world of multiple |
| Therefore, operators will need terminals that | | | | standards, both second-generation standards |
| are able to interwork with legacy | | | | and other members of the IMT-2000 family. In |
| infrastructures such as GSM/DCS2800 and DECT, | | | | order to provide universal coverage, seamless |
| as well as other second-generation, worldwide | | | | roaming and non standardized services will no |
| standards (such as those based on the US AMPS | | | | longer have fixed parameters, rather they |
| standard) because these may initially have | | | | will be in the form of a "toolbox" whereby |
| more complete coverage than UMTS. Many UMTS | | | | the key parameters can be selected or |
| terminals will therefore be multi-band and | | | | negotiated to match the requirements of the |
| multi-mode. Building such terminals at a cost | | | | local radio channel. |
| which is comparable to contemporary | | | | |
| single-mode, second-generation terminals will | | | | In addition to the capability to adapt to |
| become possible because of technological | | | | different standards as described above, |
| advances in semiconductor integration, radio | | | | terminals will enable network operators to |
| architectures, and software radio. | | | | distribute new communications software via |
| | | | download over the air in order to improve the |
| 3)Satellite Systems:- | | | | terminals' performance in the network or to |
| | | | fix minor problems (e.g. an improved handover |
| At initial service launch in 2002, the | | | | algorithm). This aspect of software |
| satellite component of UMTS will be able to | | | | downloads will generally be invisible to the |
| provide a global coverage capability. | | | | user. |
| Implementation plans call for utilization of | | | | |
| the S-band Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) | | | | 2)Application and Service Download:- When |
| frequency allocations identified for | | | | using today's multimedia terminals (e.g. |
| satellite IMT2000 and will provide services | | | | PCs), users have accepted the idea that the |
| compatible with the terrestrial UMTS system . | | | | capabilities of the terminal can be modified |
| | | | over time through a software download. It is |
| 4)SIM Cards/Smart cards:- | | | | now commonplace for a user to download a new |
| | | | "plug in" (for example a video or audio code) |
| GSM introduced the Subscriber Identity Module | | | | to access new types of content. The |
| (SIM) or Smart Card. SIM technology | | | | introduction of multimedia services on UMTS |
| incorporates enhanced security and a degree | | | | will take this concept into the mobile |
| of user customization to the mobile terminal. | | | | domain. UMTS "plug ins" will come from a |
| SIM requirements, security algorithms, card | | | | variety of sources, for example: |
| and silicon IC technology will continue to | | | | |
| evolve up to and during the period of UMTS | | | | • Pre-installed on the users' terminal |
| deployment . The smart card industry | | | | by the network operator or service provider; |
| anticipates being able to offer cards with | | | | |
| greater memory capacity, faster CPU | | | | • Downloaded over the air, at the |
| performance, contactless operation, and | | | | user's request or automatically by the |
| greater capability for encryption. These | | | | network - much as today, where many Internet |
| advances will allow the UMTS Subscriber | | | | service providers upgrade one's software or |
| Identity Module (USIM) to add to the UMTS | | | | databases during a session; and |
| service package by providing portable high | | | | |
| security data storage and transmission for | | | | • Supplied on media such as DVD or |
| users. In addition, the users will be able to | | | | CD-ROM. |
| store, down or upload images, signatures, | | | | |
| personal files, fingerprint or other | | | | Smart Antennas:- Smart antennas react |
| biometrics data through the card. | | | | intelligently to the received radio signal, |
| Contactless cards will allow the users to | | | | continually modifying their parameters to |
| perform business transactions such as | | | | optimize the transmitted and received signal. |
| electronic commerce or electronic ticketing | | | | This allows them to: |
| without having to be removed from a wallet or | | | | |
| phone .Electronic commerce and banking | | | | • Increase coverage and capacity by |
| activities, utilizing smart cards, is | | | | reducing interference between adjacent |
| expected to become widespread. Users will | | | | mobiles; |
| expect and be able to use their cards on any | | | | |
| terminal over any network. New memory | | | | • Offer space division multiple access, |
| technologies can be expected to increase card | | | | where frequencies are assigned on a |
| memory sizes making larger programs and more | | | | per-mobile rather than a per-cell basis |
| data storage feasible. Several applications | | | | allowing vastly increased capacity; and |
| and service providers could be accommodated | | | | |
| on one card. In theory, the users could | | | | • Enable user location in space, |
| decide which applications/services they want | | | | allowing the introduction of advanced |
| on their cards, much as they do for their | | | | location based services. |
| desktop computers' hard disks . | | | | |
| | | | Broadband Satellite Systems:- Several |
| 5)Internet Protocol (IP) Compatibility:- | | | | broadband satellite systems are also planned |
| | | | for deployment in the post-2002 timeframe to |
| UMTS is a modular concept that takes | | | | offer data rates beyond 2Mb/s and into the |
| advantage of the trend towards convergence of | | | | Gigabits domain. Some of these systems may |
| fixed and mobile networks and services, | | | | offer compatibility with UMTS service |
| enabling a host of new applications. For | | | | concepts using satellite frequency |
| example, a laptop with an integrated UMTS | | | | allocations in the 20-30 GHz range. The |
| communications module becomes a | | | | requirements of the terminal equipment and |
| general-purpose communications and computing | | | | higher power consumption will necessitate |
| device for broadband Internet access, voice, | | | | larger size transportable or fixed terminals |
| video telephony, and conferencing for either | | | | or smaller electronic components. |
| mobile, office, or residential use.UMTS may | | | | |
| well become the most flexible broadband | | | | CONCLUSIONS:- |
| access technology available, as it allows for | | | | |
| mobile, office and residential use in a wide | | | | UMTS appears to offer significant benefits to |
| range of public and non-public networks. The | | | | personal and commercial endeavors. |
| system can support both IP and non-IP traffic | | | | Technologies are being put in place to bring |
| in a variety of modes including packet | | | | it into the mobile community. A phased |
| circuit switched and virtual circuit². | | | | introduction of UMTS hardware and services |
| UMTS will be able to benefit from parallel | | | | with coverage, capability and number of |
| work by the Internet Engineering Task Force | | | | operators growing over time. This phased |
| (IETF) who is further extending its basic set | | | | introduction ensures early availability of |
| of IP standards for mobile communication . | | | | services to users while reducing risks for |
| New developments like IP version 6 allows | | | | UMTS operators and manufacturers. |
| parameters such as quality of service, bit | | | | |
| rate, and bit error rate (BER), vital for | | | | UMTS must be capable of co-existing and |
| mobile operation, to be set by the operator | | | | working with existing second-generation |
| or service provider. Developments on new | | | | mobile communications technologies so that |
| domain name structures are also taking place. | | | | operators can choose to reuse their existing |
| These new structures will increase the | | | | infrastructure assets and expertise. Global |
| usability and flexibility of the system, | | | | availability of UMTS servers will be ensured |
| providing unique addressing for each user, | | | | by providing for roaming between members of |
| independent of terminal application or | | | | the IMT-2000 family and handover between GSM |
| location . | | | | and UMTS. A number of technologies are |
| | | | required, in addition to the radio interface |
| 6)Cross platform interoperability:- | | | | on which so much focus has been placed |
| | | | recently. Although most current attention is |
| The need for the ability to transport | | | | focused on the early years of deployment, |
| multimedia content over various types of | | | | UMTS is being defined with a view to the long |
| networks requires industry to develop | | | | term. |
| cross-platform interoperability because the | | | | |
| properties of the networks may have an effect | | | | UMTS is a significant opportunity for |
| on the content of the transmission. In many | | | | manufacturers, operators, and content |
| cases several different kind of networks will | | | | providers as a communications system and as a |
| be cascaded (i.e. Ethernet, ATM, X.25 and | | | | part of the greater information society. The |
| UMTS) . | | | | vision of UMTS is as a customer-focused |
| | | | system, where customers include both network |
| 7)API and Development toolbox:- | | | | operators and end users. The challenge to the |
| | | | communications industry is to integrate the |
| It is expected that rapid development and | | | | technologies needed for UMTS in a way which |
| deployment of new and innovative services | | | | supports this goal and thereby transforms the |
| will drive the UMTS market. A key enabler in | | | | vision for UMTS into reality. |
| this area will be the standardization of the | | | | |